Johns hopkins applied physics laboratory - 400 Continental Blvd. Suite 310. El Segundo, CA 90245. Phone: 424-217-7820. The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory is located in Laurel, Maryland, situated between Baltimore and Washington D.C. and near I-95.

 
The scientific, economic and national security value of the Moon and its surrounding space has kicked off an era of intense international cooperation and competition. The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, leveraging its broad and distinguished base of experts, is making advancements that will keep the nation at the …. Michael baker international inc

A pioneering surgical technique has allowed an amputee to attach the Modular Prosthetic Limb developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) directly to his residual limb, enabling a greater range of motion and comfort than previously possible.Gregory S Seese, Psy.D is a Senior Scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. His publications are currently located at: https ...Vendor Forms. Please reference our supplier portal if you are interested in becoming a supplier/subcontractor to APL. The supplier portal tool helps streamline the onboarding and/or contracting phase by gathering required forms and allowing for collaboration throughout the procurement process. If you have questions or need assistance with ...The mission of the STEM Program Management Office is to help develop our nation’s STEM talent. This is a pretty daunting task that we could not accomplish without the help of APL’s very talented staff, our challenging work, and our world-class facilities. The Director of APL, Ralph Semmel, always challenges APL staff to “Be bold, do …Dr. Christopher D. Stiles is a senior staff scientist whose research focuses on multiscale computational modeling of materials and their interaction with dynamic environments. His recent work builds on existing artificial intelligence (AI) tools to enable discoveries in materials science, chemistry, and biology. He teaches the Symmetries in Crystalline … Explore Opportunities. Experienced Professionals. Doctoral-Level Professionals. New and Recent College Graduates. Student Internships. Where challenging work meets a rewarding career. Learn more about what it’s like to work at Johns Hopkins APL. Since its founding in 1942, APL has proudly served as a world-class research and development institution and has created some of the nation’s most critical defense technologies. In that time, threats to our national security have continued to emerge and evolve, increasing in complexity and involving new operational environments and regimes. We have exciting news! To better serve our students, mentors, and community, ASPIRE is moving to a single-admission program in 2024. The summer 2024 application period opens January 1 and remains open until 11:59pm on February 15. There will no longer be an academic year application period. Email [email protected] with any questions.For over half a century, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory has advanced humanity’s understanding of the universe with our spacecraft, instruments and groundbreaking research. ... Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 11100 Johns Hopkins Road. Laurel, Maryland 20723. 240-228-5000. Facebook; …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) brings world-class expertise to our nation’s most critical defense, security, space and science challenges. …Dr. Konstantinos (Kostas) Gerasopoulos is a principal staff scientist and assistant program manager. His research interests lie in energy storage, semiconductor process technology, and advanced fabrication techniques for novel devices and systems. He has led projects focusing on the development of wearable sensors, fieldable diagnostics, and flexible …APL and our staff have been recognized industry-wide. We have been named to Fast Company’s “Best Workplaces for Innovators” list for five years in a row. In 2022, 2023, and 2024, we were honored to be one of Glassdoor’s Best Places to Work, based on feedback from our employees. U.S. Black Engineer Magazine has recognized APL as a top ...Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory is hiring a 2024 Internship - Decision Systems in Laurel, Maryland. Review all of the job details and apply today! ... The average Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory hourly pay ranges from approximately $24 per hour (estimate) for a Housekeeping to $92 per hour (estimate) for a Senior Finance Manager. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory employees rate the overall compensation and benefits package 4/5 stars. Average Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Security Officer yearly pay in Laurel is approximately $122,138, which is 158% above the national average. Salary information comes from 53 data points collected directly from employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 [email protected]. 240-592-3603. List of staff members in Johns Hopkins APL's Tech Transfer office. Applied Physics Laboratory . The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory is a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL's mission includes the application of advanced science and technology to find solutions to problems of national and global significance. Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in Laurel, Maryland, have made a significant breakthrough in the development of advanced materials technology that can efficiently manage thermal conditions, particularly in buildings and data centers, offering a promising solution to mitigate the impact of energy …Human and Machine Intelligence. [email protected]. Google Scholar. Dr. Francesco Tenore is a senior staff engineer whose research focuses on the development and testing of next-generation closed-loop invasive neural interfaces for control and perception of upper-extremity anthropomorphic devices and nonanthropomorphic systems. Dr.Jan 24, 2024 · Average Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Security Officer yearly pay in the United States is approximately $121,510, which is 156% above the national average. Salary information comes from 55 data points collected directly from employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. Human and Machine Intelligence. [email protected]. Google Scholar. Dr. Christopher Ratto is a senior staff engineer whose research interests include generative models, few- shot object recognition, and deep reinforcement learning. An electrical engineer by training, he has expertise in machine learning, signal and …Now, scientists at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, have devised a unique way to destroy these ubiquitous and toxic environmental chemicals for good. The method is inexpensive, does not generate undesirable byproducts and is practical and scalable for a variety of governmental, …Johns Hopkins APL’s National Security Analysis Mission Area combines innovative technical knowledge and operational analysis to create emerging capability solutions to national security challenges, thereby ensuring our nation’s preeminence in the 21st century. Our analysis and concept development inform senior decision-makers …APL and our staff have been recognized industry-wide. We have been named to Fast Company’s “Best Workplaces for Innovators” list for five years in a row. In 2022, 2023, and 2024, we were honored to be one of Glassdoor’s Best Places to Work, based on feedback from our employees. U.S. Black Engineer Magazine has recognized APL as a top ...The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research and development. Located north of Washington, DC, APL is a division of one of the ...Inventing the Future for APL and Our NationThe Research and Exploratory Development (RED) Mission Area is Johns Hopkins APL’s research engine. We conduct pioneering research targeting game-changing breakthroughs to benefit national security missions. While each program within the RED Mission Area has …The program gives these students the opportunity to work side by side with researchers at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory on APL-sponsored research projects in several laboratory Mission Areas. Since the program began, RISE@APL interns have conducted research in areas ranging from ballistic …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab focuses on a number of sciences essential to our understanding of the Sun, Earth, our solar system and beyond. Specifically, we concentrate on planetary sciences and heliophysics, applying significant expertise in geospace dynamics, astrophysics, habitable …The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, builds the spacecraft and operates the mission. IMAP is the fifth mission in NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) program portfolio. The Explorers and Heliophysics Project Division at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the STP …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab focuses on a number of sciences essential to our understanding of the Sun, Earth, our solar system and beyond. Specifically, we concentrate on planetary sciences and heliophysics, applying significant expertise in geospace dynamics, astrophysics, habitable …11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723-6099 | 240-228-5000Biological and Chemical Sciences. Physics, Electronic Materials, and Devices. [email protected]. Google Scholar. Dr. Leslie H. Hamilton is a senior staff scientist whose research focuses on materials and sensors at the interface with biology. Her recent work has included the development of biomaterials and sensors for health applications ...Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. 48.6K subscribers. Artificial Intelligence Careers at APL. Search. Info. Shopping. Tap to unmute Watch on / • • ... Women in Aerospace Lauds Johns Hopkins APL’s Mosavi-Hoyer for Outreach Leadership Nelli Mosavi-Hoyer, an engineer and project manager with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, was recognized with Women in Aerospace’s 2023 Aerospace Awareness Award for her leadership and outreach efforts. Johns Hopkins APL Honored Twice on Fast Company’s 2024 ‘Most Innovative Companies’ List Two breakthrough technologies from APL received Most Innovative Companies awards from Fast Company. APL was ranked No. 6 in the Rapid Response category for biothreat characterization technology and No. 10 in the Applied Artificial Intelligence (AI ...Christine Fox served until 2022 as Assistant Director for Policy and Analysis at APL, a position she held since 2014. Previously, she served as Acting Deputy Secretary of Defense from 2013 to 2014. In her role as acting deputy, she became the highest-ranking woman ever to work in the Pentagon. She officially retired from the …As a university affiliated research center, we maintain robust engineering and research and development expertise in eight core competencies to meet the needs of our government sponsors. Our core competencies are: Strategic systems test and evaluation. Submarine security and survivability. Space science and engineering.Extreme Frontiers. On April 28, 2021, after three years in space and seven flybys of the Sun, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe officially did what the Laboratory’s researchers and engineers had always dared it to do: It entered the Sun’s atmosphere — the first spacecraft in history to do so. At close to 2 million degrees Fahrenheit, the solar ...Jan 30, 2024 · Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech Two researchers from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, recently earned prestigious NASA Honor Awards. APL space physicists George Clark and Barry Mauk , as well as dozens of other awardees, were honored for their distinguished contributions to NASA’s Juno ... Minh Agon Huebner is the chief financial officer (CFO) and head of the Business, Construction, and Facilities Department at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. She provides executive leadership and management for enterprise business services such as finance and accounting, prime contracting, …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) brings world-class expertise to our nation’s most critical defense, security, space and science challenges. …Jan 24, 2024 · Average Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Security Officer yearly pay in the United States is approximately $121,510, which is 156% above the national average. Salary information comes from 55 data points collected directly from employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. In a new study led by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, researchers reanalyzed nearly 40-year-old energetic particle and magnetic field data taken by NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft — the only spacecraft so far to have gone to Uranus.On April 25, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, honored nearly 200 staff members for their exceptional contributions in 2022 during the Laboratory’s …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research and development. Located north of Washington, DC, APL is a division of one of the ...Jan 30, 2024 · Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech Two researchers from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, recently earned prestigious NASA Honor Awards. APL space physicists George Clark and Barry Mauk , as well as dozens of other awardees, were honored for their distinguished contributions to NASA’s Juno ... Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Nov 2012 - Present 11 years 4 months I am a scientist with a background in molecular biology and genomics. The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory is a secure facility, operating under Department of Defense regulations for restricted entry. All visits must be preapproved via written request and notification by responsible staff members. Staff members hosting visitors are responsible for ensuring that all security requirements are met. Johns Hopkins APL Honored Twice on Fast Company’s 2024 ‘Most Innovative Companies’ List Two breakthrough technologies from APL received Most Innovative Companies awards from Fast Company. APL was ranked No. 6 in the Rapid Response category for biothreat characterization technology and No. 10 in the Applied Artificial Intelligence (AI ... Education for the Future. As a division of Johns Hopkins University, education is an important part of our mission. We support education at all levels to encourage current and future engineers and scientists. Johns Hopkins APL supports education at all levels to encourage current and future engineers and scientists. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) brings world-class expertise to our nation’s most critical defense, security, space and science challenges. While we are dedicated to solving complex challenges and pioneering new technologies, what makes us truly outstanding is our culture.Average Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Security Officer yearly pay in Laurel is approximately $122,138, which is 158% above the national average. Salary information comes from 53 data points collected directly from employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months.PUBLICATIONS. Steve Biemer has 33 years of professional systems engineering and analysis experience as a Principal Engineer for the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. His career has varied from Navy weapons systems concept development, design, an testing to DoD acquisition planning, …Contact us to learn more about partnering with Johns Hopkins APL, submit a media inquiry, or report an issue on our website.The mission of the STEM Program Management Office is to help develop our nation’s STEM talent. This is a pretty daunting task that we could not accomplish without the help of APL’s very talented staff, our challenging work, and our world-class facilities. The Director of APL, Ralph Semmel, always challenges APL staff to “Be bold, do …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) brings world-class expertise to our nation's most critical defense, security, space and science challenges. While we are dedicated to solving complex challenges and pioneering new technologies, what makes us truly outstanding is our culture. We offer a vibrant, welcoming atmosphere ...Johns Hopkins APL’s Global Health Mission Area aims to eliminate naturally occurring, deliberate, and accidental health threats through revolutionary science and engineering. Health threats in the United States and around the world have grown in complexity and require novel approaches to measure and quantify health; predict …Program Overview. The CIRCUIT program at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) offers undergraduate students an opportunity to participate in cutting-edge research while building skills to make significant contributions to science. Diverging from traditional summer internships, CIRCUIT students participate in a yearlong cohort …About. Dr. Timothy J. Galpin is the Chief Strategy Officer and Assistant Director for Programs at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), a not-for-profit Department of ...The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research and development. Located north of Washington, DC, APL is a division of one of the ...Minh Agon Huebner is the chief financial officer (CFO) and head of the Business, Construction, and Facilities Department at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. She provides executive leadership and management for enterprise business services such as finance and accounting, prime contracting, … A Robust Retirement Plan We contribute up to 10.5% of your pay to your retirement savings. The 10.5% includes a foundational APL contribution of 2.5% of your pay, plus matching contributions of $2 for every $1 of staff member contributions, up to a maximum of 8% of your pay. A key element of a ... Extreme Frontiers. On April 28, 2021, after three years in space and seven flybys of the Sun, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe officially did what the Laboratory’s researchers and engineers had always dared it to do: It entered the Sun’s atmosphere — the first spacecraft in history to do so. At close to 2 million degrees Fahrenheit, the solar ... The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) brings world-class expertise to our nation’s most critical defense, security, space and science challenges. While we are dedicated to solving complex challenges and pioneering new technologies, what makes us truly outstanding is our culture.APL and our staff have been recognized industry-wide. We have been named to Fast Company’s “Best Workplaces for Innovators” list for five years in a row. In 2022, 2023, and 2024, we were honored to be one of Glassdoor’s Best Places to Work, based on feedback from our employees. U.S. Black Engineer Magazine has recognized APL as a top ...Human and Machine Intelligence. [email protected]. Google Scholar. Dr. Francesco Tenore is a senior staff engineer whose research focuses on the development and testing of next-generation closed-loop invasive neural interfaces for control and perception of upper-extremity anthropomorphic devices and nonanthropomorphic systems. Dr.Since its founding in 1942, APL has proudly served as a world-class research and development institution and has created some of the nation’s most critical defense technologies. In that time, threats to our national security have continued to emerge and evolve, increasing in complexity and involving new operational environments and regimes.Two researchers from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, recently earned prestigious NASA Honor Awards. APL space physicists George Clark and Barry Mauk, as well as dozens of other awardees, were honored for their distinguished contributions to NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter. Johns Hopkins APL Honored Twice on Fast Company’s 2024 ‘Most Innovative Companies’ List Two breakthrough technologies from APL received Most Innovative Companies awards from Fast Company. APL was ranked No. 6 in the Rapid Response category for biothreat characterization technology and No. 10 in the Applied Artificial Intelligence (AI ... The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory is excited to partner with Allegiance Benefit Plan Management, Inc. (Allegiance) to administer the APL Medical Plan. Allegiance is a third-party administrator focused on accurate and timely claims processing with a strong commitment to outstanding customer service. The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory is a secure facility, operating under Department of Defense regulations for restricted entry. All visits must be preapproved via written request and notification by responsible staff members. Staff members hosting visitors are responsible for ensuring that all security requirements are met. The ISC is part of the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory and will follow all current policies. Please visit the JHU/APL page for more information on the Lab's visitor guidance. Intelligent Systems Center.The Applied Physics Laboratory, a not-for-profit division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For more information, visit www.jhuapl.edu .NASA’s Parker Solar Probe team has earned agency honors for its novel efforts to guide a spacecraft toward record-setting close distances from the Sun — and revealing more about our star than mission planners and scientists ever expected.. NASA presented its Group Achievement Award to the Parker team … A Robust Retirement Plan We contribute up to 10.5% of your pay to your retirement savings. The 10.5% includes a foundational APL contribution of 2.5% of your pay, plus matching contributions of $2 for every $1 of staff member contributions, up to a maximum of 8% of your pay. A key element of a ... A dozen proposals submitted by researchers from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, have been selected as part of the NASA James Webb Space Telescope’s Cycle 1 General Observers program, which provides the world’s astronomical research community with access to the …Johns Hopkins is a pioneer in the field of upper limb dexterous prostheses. More than a decade ago, the university’s Applied Physics Laboratory led the development of the advanced Modular Prosthetic Limb, which an amputee patient controls with the muscles and nerves that once controlled his or her real arm or hand.Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. 48.6K subscribers. Artificial Intelligence Careers at APL. Search. Info. Shopping. Tap to unmute Watch on / • • ...The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) brings world-class expertise to our nation's most critical defense, security, space and science …A pioneering surgical technique has allowed an amputee to attach the Modular Prosthetic Limb developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) directly to his residual limb, enabling a greater range of motion and comfort than previously possible.410-715-4600 or 877-737-2596. 10605 Route 108. Columbia, MD 21044. Courtyard Fort Meade. Distance from APL: 11.9 miles. 301-498-8400. 2700 Hercules Road. Annapolis Junction, MD 20701. Hotels within driving distance to Johns Hopkins APL’s main campus.The DART mission is developed and led for NASA by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office … APL’s pioneering work through the first half-century of the Space Age is chronicled in a book titled Transit to Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Space Research at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The book contains oral histories from more than 50 people who contributed to and shaped the history of the Lab’s space program. 2 days ago · Friday, April 5, 2024 -- 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM. Click on the colloquium date above to place the Colloquium on your calendar. Click on » Overview for more information about the colloquium. To receive e-mail Colloquium Announcements, APL employees should use the APL MyLists site and subscribe to the Colloquia under the Speakers tab. May 12, 2023 · George, who since 2012 has served as senior advisor for cybersecurity at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, was inducted in his first year of eligibility, which came 10 years after his retirement from NSA. He was the only living inductee this year. Learn how to visit APL, a secure facility operating under Department of Defense regulations for restricted entry. Find out the entry/ID requirements, restricted/controlled items, …© 2024 The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. All rights reserved. 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723. 240-228-5000 (Washington ...APL’s pioneering work through the first half-century of the Space Age is chronicled in a book titled Transit to Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Space Research at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The book contains oral histories from more than 50 people who contributed to and shaped the history of the Lab’s space program.

Lisa Blodgett is the head of the Force Projection Sector at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), where she is responsible for over 1,700 staff and the performance of approximately $600M in annual funding for programs that span the sea control, strategic deterrence, and precision strike mission space. Prior to her .... Mel b and

johns hopkins applied physics laboratory

Learn about the nation's largest university affiliated research center, solving complex challenges and pioneering new technologies in various fields. Explore the latest …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research and development. Located north of Washington, DC, APL is a division of one of the ...Founded in 1942, the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory has helped solve some of the toughest technical problems. It was created to develop the proximity fuze that changed air defense during World War II. Since its founding, it has completed over 600 projects in areas such as air defense, undersea warfare, precision engagement ...Learn about Johns Hopkins APL, a not-for-profit research center that solves complex problems for national security and space exploration. See its jobs, employees, …The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Outstanding Research Paper in an Externally Refereed Journal Publication: 2012: International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for Team Achievement for MESSENGER: 2010 - 2012: ... The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Honorable Mention Award for Outstanding …Dr. James N. Miller Credit: Department of Defense. Dr. James N. Miller, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and an expert in nuclear deterrence, missile defense, cyber conflict and space policy, has been named as the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory’s (APL) Assistant Director for … Since its founding in 1942, APL has proudly served as a world-class research and development institution and has created some of the nation’s most critical defense technologies. In that time, threats to our national security have continued to emerge and evolve, increasing in complexity and involving new operational environments and regimes. The Applied Physics Laboratory, a not-for-profit division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For more information, visit www.jhuapl.edu.The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory | 67,643 followers on LinkedIn. #JHUAPL is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research & development. Likes/shares ≠ endorsements ... 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723-6099 | 240-228-5000 To get a job at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, browse currently open positions and apply for a job near you. Once you get a positive response, make sure to find out about the interview process at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and prepare for tough questions.The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research and development. Located north of Washington, DC, APL is a division of one of the ...Dr. Jesse S. Ko is a senior staff scientist who focuses on developing next-generation, safe, lithium-ion batteries and enabling water access. His recent project involves the development of novel anode materials, paired with energy dense cathodes, operating in a safe electrolyte. Dr. Ko also uses electrochemical techniques for seawater splitting to generate hydrogen …Gregory S Seese, Psy.D is a Senior Scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. His publications are currently located at: https ... 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723-6099 | 240-228-5000 Taught by notable scientists from the Johns Hopkins Physics Lab, NASA, and the Naval Research Laboratory, you’ll focus on a wide range of topics, including optics, interstellar space, ocean science, solid-state physics, ….

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